The advantages of NAAT include high sensitivity, rapid results, and the ability to provide quantitative viral load measurements PCR is one of the most widely applied tests for the diagnosis and monitoring of viral pathogens. Serology may be used to determine ongoing susceptibility to community-acquired disease in patients who are seronegative prior to transplantation and who do not develop infection or disease post transplantation. Serological methods such as viral culture, antigen detection, and viral nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) can be used for the diagnosis and monitoring of active viral infections.
As with all HHV, CMV and EBV can establish a lifelong presence, exhibiting persistent and latent infection following primary infection that can be reactivated with shedding of infectious viruses. CMV seroprevalence ranges from 45% to 100% in women of reproductive age and tends to be highest in South America, Africa, and Asia EBV seroprevalence also ranges from 50% to 93%. CMV and EBV infections are common worldwide with some geographical variability. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), members of the human herpesviridae (HHV) family, have double-stranded, linear DNA genomes of 230 kb and 172 kb encoding approximately 170 genes and 85 genes, respectively.
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